\u0130ngiliz<\/strong> tarihinde I. Elizabeth<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde, 1558-1603 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, denize h\u00e2kim olan\u0131n ticarete h\u00fckmedece\u011fi; ticarete h\u00e2kim olan\u0131n ise d\u00fcnya zenginliklerine h\u00fckmedece\u011fi \u015feklinde bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce vard\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde denizlerde \u0130spanya hegemonyas\u0131ndan kurtulan \u0130ngiltere, ilk defa denizcilik politikas\u0131 geli\u015ftirip deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeye ve k\u00f6le ticaretine ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha sonra giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lendi ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da koloniler kurdu. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Britanya Adas\u0131’nda birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra, Sanayi Devrim<\/strong>i ile g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00fc\u00e7 katt\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Amerika ve Bat\u0131 Hint<\/strong> adalar\u0131ndaki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ngiltere, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck emperyalist g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkeler piramidinin zirvesine yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. 1914’te ba\u015flay\u0131p d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcren Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda ise Britanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, 35 milyon kilometrekare ile en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biri, yani 458 milyon insan \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>\u2019nin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 o kadar geni\u015fti ki, do\u011fuda Hindistan\u2019dan bat\u0131da Amerika\u2019ya kadar sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devletlerinin birinde g\u00fcne\u015f batmadan, di\u011ferinde do\u011fuyordu. \u0130\u015fte tam olarak bu nedenle de \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye \u00fczerinde g\u00fcne\u015f batmayan imparatorluk deniliyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemi 500 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc<\/h2>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6nemi<\/strong> yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde ise \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>\u2019nin tarihi k\u00f6le ticareti, k\u00f6lelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, katliamlar, k\u0131tl\u0131klar ve toplama kamplar\u0131ndaki zul\u00fcmlerle dolu. \u0130ngiltere, k\u00f6le ticareti 1800’lerde yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu alanda en bask\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 1807’ye kadar olan d\u00f6nemde yakla\u015f\u0131k 12,5 milyon insan\u0131n Afrika’dan Amerika ve Karayiplere k\u00f6le olarak ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor. \u0130ngiltere’nin k\u00f6lecilik tarihinde, 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda k\u00f6le ticareti ya da k\u00f6leler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla hem \u0130ngiltere hem de binlerce \u0130ngiliz ailesi zenginle\u015fti. \u0130nsan olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyip, mal olarak al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan k\u00f6leler, sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor, hatta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. K\u00f6lecilikle ilgili yasalar, daha \u00e7ok k\u00f6le sahiplerinin haklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Tabii \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi, k\u00f6le ticaretinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde i\u015fledikleri katliamlarla da biliyoruz. \u00d6yle ki \u0130ngiliz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi oyun park\u0131na \u00e7evirdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde, Asya, Ortado\u011fu ve Afrika<\/strong>\u2019da, kan ve g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 oluk oluk ak\u0131yordu.\u00a0 \u0130ngilizler<\/strong> ilk olarak G\u00fcney Afrika<\/strong>\u2019da, Hollanda as\u0131ll\u0131 yerli halk olan Boerler<\/strong>in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Boerler b\u00f6lgeyi \u0130ngilizlere kapt\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile gayret etti. Ancak \u0130ngilizler, \u00fclkenin alt\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 Boerlilere b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyetinin oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede, 1899-1902 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 2. Boer Sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. \u0130ngilizler 30 bin sivilin evini ve \u00e7iftli\u011fini yakt\u0131. Binlerce Boer ve Afrikal\u0131, kad\u0131n-\u00e7ocuk-ya\u015fl\u0131 ay\u0131rt edilmeksizin toplama kamplar\u0131nda esir al\u0131nd\u0131. Kamplardaki insanlara yiyecek dahi verilmedi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 28 bin sivil i\u015fkence g\u00f6rerek hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca sahip oldu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli kolonilerden bir di\u011feri de Hindistan\u2019d\u0131. \u0130ngilizler, Hindistan\u2019\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye 1600 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurduklar\u0131 East Indian Company adl\u0131 ticari bir \u015firketle ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu ticari ad\u0131m \u0130ngiliz Krali\u00e7esi 1. Elizabeth’in emriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015firketi kuruldu<\/h3>\n

1600 y\u0131l\u0131nda resmi olarak kurulan \u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015firketi, sadece d\u0131\u015f ticarette faaliyet g\u00f6steren anonim \u015firketlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve imparatorluk sisteminin kurulmas\u0131 noktas\u0131nda da etkili oldu. 1613 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u015firket, do\u011frudan ticaret a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla Kuzeybat\u0131 Hindistan i\u00e7in Surat, G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Asya ve Uzakdo\u011fu i\u00e7in Bantam olmak \u00fczere do\u011frudan iki ticaret istasyonu olu\u015fturuyordu ve uygun ticaret ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Limandan limana ticaret, do\u011frudan ticaret ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ticari organizasyonlar i\u00e7in de gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketinin kurulmas\u0131, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin ciddi anlamda ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 oldu. Do\u011fu Hint adalar\u0131nda Hollanda ile rekabet edemeyen \u015firket, Hindistan alt k\u0131tas\u0131na y\u00f6nelerek \u00f6nce ticaret \u00fcsleri kurmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f daha sonra da Masulipatam, Madras ve Bombay\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Ancak ba\u015fta Fransa olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fka Avrupa devletlerinin de b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ngiltere, fetih hareketlerine yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgede h\u00e2kimiyetini kurma \u00e7abas\u0131na girdi. \u015eirket, Hindistan\u2019da araziler alarak geni\u015fledi ve ticari alanda faaliyetlerini artt\u0131rd\u0131. Bu faaliyetleri korumak ad\u0131na koca bir donanma tesis etti. B\u00f6ylece zamanla \u00fclkede politik g\u00fc\u00e7 elde etti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizlerin \u201cb\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net\u201d politikas\u0131<\/h4>\n

\u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrges<\/strong>i, 1803 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Pencap b\u00f6lgesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Hindistan’\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeyi \u201cb\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net\u201d politikas\u0131yla uygulayan \u0130ngilizler, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgesel prenslikleri kendi uzant\u0131lar\u0131 halinde tutmay\u0131 ve istedikleri gibi y\u00f6nlendirmeyi uzun s\u00fcre ba\u015fard\u0131lar. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge Hindistan\u2019\u0131n da \u0130ngilizlerin ilgilendi\u011fi alanlar, demir, maden gibi para getiren mecralard\u0131. Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda angarya i\u015fleri Hint halk\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131yorlar, zenginle\u015fmek i\u00e7in ise ellerinden geleni yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Art\u0131k \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi Hindistan\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngiltere Hindistan<\/strong>\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini artt\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ise 10 milyondan fazla insan a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00d6te yandan Hindular ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131. Camilere el konuldu. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklar medreselerden al\u0131n\u0131p Hristiyanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Daha fazla bu zulme katlanamayan halk, 1857 y\u0131l\u0131nda ayakland\u0131. Ayaklanmay\u0131 \u00e7ok kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131ran \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u00fclkede eskisinden daha da sert politikalar uygulad\u0131. 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amritsar kenti<\/strong>nde \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6steriler de katliamla bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Sadece 10 dakika i\u00e7erisinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 protestocu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Katliam emrini veren komutan ise \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan parayla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lan protestolar, 1947\u2019de sonu\u00e7 verdi. Ancak \u0130ngiltere bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019a \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir bedel \u00f6detti. Hindistan\u2019\u0131 b\u00f6lmek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izildi. \u0130ngiliz bir avukat\u0131n \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ylesine karalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hindistan ve Pakistan aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r, 10 milyondan fazla insan\u0131 evinden yurdundan etti. 1 milyondan fazla insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine neden oldu. Geride etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve mezhep kavgalar\u0131yla birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015fman olan insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 kald\u0131. Nitekim bug\u00fcn Hindistan\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara yap\u0131lan zul\u00fcmleri biliyoruz. \u0130\u015fte bug\u00fcn hala \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen Ke\u015fmir sorunun da tek sorumlusu \u0130ngiltere.<\/p>\n

<\/a>